Clade | |
Subclade |
Taxon | |
Taxon |
Ornithurae
|
Nominal Author | Haeckel 1866 |
2nd Nominal Author | |
Taxon Status | ACTIVE |
Comments | Ornithurae has had an unfortunately complex definitional history that has been usefully summarized as three interpretations—stem, node and apomorphy (Gauthier and de Queiroz 2001). Ornithurae (“bird tail”), as originally coined by Haeckel (1866), included all species closer to extant birds (Neornithes) than to Archaeopteryx lithographica, the sole occupant of Haekel’s Sauriurae (“reptile tail”). During the last 25 years, Martin (1983) and colleagues have attempted to ally Enantiornithes and other basal birds with Archaeopteryx in Sauriurae—a configuration that has not survived a reasonable cladistic test. Martin’s use of Ornithurae, nonetheless, was consistent with its traditional use in that it included all species closer to extant birds than to Archaeopteryx lithographica (Sereno 1999). This same interpretation was codified in Gauthier’s (1986) initial stem-based definition of Ornithurae. The active definition in this compilation uses species as specifiers and constitutes a first-order revision of Gauthier’s (1986) historically-informed, clear initial definition of Ornithurae. Chiappe (1995:350), in contrast, redefined Ornithurae as a less inclusive, node-based taxon: “All birds derived from the common ancestor of Hesperornithiformes and Neornithes.” This matches the taxonomic content of Martin’s Ornithurae, which is presumably the raison d’etre for the redefinition. It conflicts with a historical interpretation of Ornithurae as a receptacle for taxa closer to extant birds, Gauthier’s original definition, Martin’s stated intentions, and apomorphies suggested by the etymology of the taxon. Although the redefinition has been questioned for the aforementioned reasons (Sereno 1998, 1999b), there has been no defense. Use of Ornithurae sensu Chiappe was simply designated the interpretation of choice for contributors to a recent volume on early bird evolution (Chiappe and Witmer 2001; see Sereno 2001). In the same year, Gauthier and de Queiroz (2001:27-29) also chose to redefine Ornithurae, this time as an “apomorphy-based” taxon: The clade stemming from the first panavian with a “bird tail.” For some, the presence of a pygostyle—most simply understood as a drastically shortened tail with fused distal caudal vertebrae—is the essence of a “bird tail” and would justify placing the taxon exactly as in Gauthier (1986), namely, for all birds more advanced that Archaeopteryx all of which still exhibit this morphology. While admitting that this etymological interpretation of Ornithurae has a pedigree dating back to the nineteenth century, Gauthier and de Queiroz (2001:27-29) decided to take a more rarefied view—suggesting that Haeckel’s (1866) intention was the identification of a clade based on the “characteristic tail morphology of all modern birds.” They used this to justify listing many additional apomorphies under the concept “bird tail,” while encouraging future taxonomists “describing new taxa that bridge current morphological gaps” to “refine the definitions of these characters as necessary.” The many problems with a definition of this sort are discussed elsewhere (Sereno 2005a). |
Potential Synonomy |
Active Phylogenetic Definition | |
Active Definition |
The most inclusive clade containing Passer domesticus (Linnaeus 1758) but not Archaeopteryx lithographica Meyer 1861.
|
Shorthand |
> Passer domesticus but not Archaeopteryx lithographica. |
Definitional Author |
Gauthier 1986 |
Definition Status | checked |
Definition Type | STEM |
Node-Stem Triplet | STEM |
Other Triplet Taxa |
Aves, Archaeopterygidae |
Specifiers | |
Specifier(s) A |
Passer domesticus |
Specifier(s) B | |
Specifier(s) C |
Archaeopteryx lithographica
|
Qualifiers | |
+Taxon | |
-Taxon | |
Datum | |
Taxonomic Content | |
Publication Year |
Unknown Unknown Unknown 1986 |
Inactive Taxon Status | |
Rejection Criteria | |
Critique | |
Definitional History #1 | |
Earliest Record | Aves plus all extinct maniraptorans that are closer to Aves than is Archaeopteryx. |
Latest Record | Gauthier 1986:36 |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Archaeopteryx, Aves |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #2 | |
Earliest Record | All birds derived from the common ancestor of Hesperornithiformes and Neornithes. |
Latest Record | Chiappe 1995:350 |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Hesperornithiformes, Neornithes |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #3 | |
Earliest Record | All avians closer to Neornithes than to Archaeopteryx. |
Latest Record | Sereno 1998:65 |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Neornithes, Archaeoopteryx |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #4 | |
Earliest Record | Hesperornis and Neornithes plus all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. |
Latest Record | Padian et al. 1999:75 |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Hesperornis, Neornithes |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #5 | |
Earliest Record | The clade stemming from the first panavian with a “bird tail,” namely, a tail that is shorter than the femur (subequal or shorter than the tibiotarsus) with a pygostyle of avian aspect—an upturned and ploughshare-shaped compressed compound element, fused in the adult, composed of less than six segments, and shorter than the up-curving free part of the tail (the portion between the pygostyle and pelvis composed of less than eight vertebrae) on which it is borne--that is homologous with that of Aves (Vultur gryphus Linnaeus 1758). |
Latest Record | Gauthier and de Queiroz 2001:27 |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Vultur gryphus |
Range (My) | “bird tail” |
Definitional History #6 | |
Earliest Record | All taxa more closely related to extant birds than to Archaeopteryx. |
Latest Record | Senter et al. 2004:19 |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
extant birds, Archaeopteryx |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #7 | |
Earliest Record | |
Latest Record | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #8 | |
Earliest Record | |
Latest Record | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #9 | |
Earliest Record | |
Latest Record | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |
Definitional History #10 | |
Earliest Record | |
Latest Record | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) | |
Range (My) |